Fix 5 critical security vulnerabilities

1. WebSocket exec auth bypass (exec.js): Require valid JWT or API key
   before accepting WebSocket upgrade. Reject unauthenticated requests
   with 401 before the upgrade completes.

2. Shell injection in router auto-login (session-handlers.js): Validate
   baseUrl against safe hostname pattern before embedding in wget shell
   command. Reject with null session if invalid.

3. Path traversal in credentials routes (services.js): Add explicit
   serviceId validation (alphanumeric + dash/underscore/dot, max 100
   chars) to all three credential endpoints. Removed redundant
   try/catch wrapper.

4. execSync injection in CA CSR generation (ca.js): Add sanitize step
   replacing any non-alphanumeric domain chars with underscore before
   interpolation into shell subj argument. Redundant with existing
   validation but provides defense-in-depth.

5. Auth bypass when TOTP disabled (middleware.js): Split the logic
   cleanly — disabled TOTP means no auth (initial setup state), enabled
   TOTP means all auth methods checked (session/JWT/API key). Removed
   the sessionDuration:never conflating shortcut.

dashcaddy-api/middleware.js

@@ -316,9 +316,16 @@ module.exports = function configureMiddleware(app, {
 
   // ── TOTP auth middleware ──
   const totpAuthMiddleware = (req, res, next) => {
-    if (!totpConfig.enabled || totpConfig.sessionDuration === 'never') {
+    // If TOTP is not enabled at all, skip auth entirely — this is the initial-setup state
+    if (!totpConfig.enabled) {
+      req.auth = {
+        type: 'none',
+        scope: ['admin']
+      };
       return next();
     }
+
+    // TOTP is enabled — require a valid session, JWT, or API key
     if (isPublicRoute(req)) return next();
     if (isSessionValid(req)) return next();
 
@@ -369,14 +376,7 @@ module.exports = function configureMiddleware(app, {
       }
     }
 
-    if (!totpConfig.enabled || totpConfig.sessionDuration === 'never') {
+    // No valid auth — reject
-      req.auth = {
-        type: 'none',
-        scope: ['admin']
-      };
-      return next();
-    }
-
     return res.status(401).json({
       success: false,
       error: '[DC-110] Authentication required - provide TOTP session, JWT token, or API key',

dashcaddy-api/routes/auth/session-handlers.js

@@ -35,6 +35,12 @@ module.exports = function({ authManager: _authManager, credentialManager: _crede
         extraHeaders['Authorization'] = `Basic ${Buffer.from(`${username}:${password}`).toString('base64')}`;
         break;
       case 'router': {
+        // Validate baseUrl is a safe hostname before using in shell command
+        if (!baseUrl || typeof baseUrl !== 'string' || !/^https?:\/\/[a-zA-Z0-9]([a-zA-Z0-9.\-]{0,253}[a-zA-Z0-9])?(:\d{1,5})?(\/|$)/.test(baseUrl)) {
+          log.warn('auth', 'Router auto-login rejected: invalid baseUrl', { serviceId, baseUrl: String(baseUrl).substring(0, 50) });
+          appSessionCache.set(serviceId, { failed: true, exp: Date.now() + SESSION_TTL.FAILED_LOGIN });
+          return null;
+        }
         const routerBody = `username=${formEncode(username)}&password=${formEncode(password)}&Continue=Continue`;
         try {
           const { spawnSync } = require('child_process');

dashcaddy-api/routes/ca.js

@@ -180,7 +180,9 @@ module.exports = function(ctx) {
     if (needsRegeneration) {
       execSync(`openssl genrsa -out "${keyFile}" 2048`, { stdio: 'pipe' });
 
-      const subject = `/CN=${domain}`;
+      // Sanitize domain for safe use in shell arguments — defensive, since validation already restricts input
+      const safeDomain = domain.replace(/[^a-zA-Z0-9.-]/g, '_');
+      const subject = `/CN=${safeDomain}`;
       execSync(`openssl req -new -key "${keyFile}" -out "${csrFile}" -subj "${subject}"`, { stdio: 'pipe' });
 
       const configContent = `[req]
@@ -189,7 +191,7 @@ req_extensions = v3_req
 prompt = no
 
 [req_distinguished_name]
-CN = ${domain}
+CN = ${safeDomain}
 
 [v3_req]
 keyUsage = keyEncipherment, dataEncipherment, digitalSignature
@@ -197,8 +199,8 @@ extendedKeyUsage = serverAuth
 subjectAltName = @alt_names
 
 [alt_names]
-DNS.1 = ${domain}
+DNS.1 = ${safeDomain}
-${domain.includes('.') ? `DNS.2 = *.${domain}` : ''}`;
+${safeDomain.includes('.') ? `DNS.2 = *.${safeDomain}` : ''}`;
 
       const configFile = path.join(domainDir, 'openssl.cnf');
       await fsp.writeFile(configFile, configContent);

dashcaddy-api/routes/exec.js

@@ -10,25 +10,61 @@ const docker = new Docker();
  * @param {http.Server} server - The HTTP server instance
  * @param {Object} log - Logger
  */
-module.exports = function attachExecWS(server, log) {
+module.exports = function attachExecWS(server, log, authManager) {
   const wss = new WebSocketServer({ noServer: true });
 
-  server.on('upgrade', (req, socket, head) => {
+  // Authenticate WebSocket upgrade request before accepting it
+  server.on('upgrade', async (req, socket, head) => {
     const parsed = url.parse(req.url, true);
     const match = parsed.pathname.match(/^\/ws\/exec\/([a-zA-Z0-9_.-]+)$/);
     if (!match) return; // Not our route — let other handlers deal with it
 
     const containerId = decodeURIComponent(match[1]);
 
+    // Validate container ID format to prevent injection
+    if (!/^[a-zA-Z0-9][a-zA-Z0-9_.-]{0,127}$/.test(containerId)) {
+      log.warn('exec', 'Invalid container ID in WebSocket path', { containerId });
+      socket.write('HTTP/1.1 400 Bad Request\r\n\r\n');
+      socket.destroy();
+      return;
+    }
+
+    // Check auth — require valid JWT or API key from the upgrade request
+    let auth = null;
+    const authHeader = req.headers.authorization;
+    if (authHeader && authHeader.startsWith('Bearer ')) {
+      const token = authHeader.substring(7);
+      const payload = await authManager.verifyJWT(token);
+      if (payload) {
+        auth = { type: 'jwt', userId: payload.userId, scope: payload.scope || [] };
+      }
+    } else {
+      const apiKey = req.headers['x-api-key'];
+      if (apiKey) {
+        const keyData = await authManager.verifyAPIKey(apiKey);
+        if (keyData) {
+          auth = { type: 'apikey', keyId: keyData.keyId, scope: keyData.scopes || [] };
+        }
+      }
+    }
+
+    if (!auth) {
+      log.warn('exec', 'Unauthenticated WebSocket exec attempt', { containerId, ip: req.socket.remoteAddress });
+      socket.write('HTTP/1.1 401 Unauthorized\r\n\r\n');
+      socket.destroy();
+      return;
+    }
+
+    // Auth passed — proceed with WebSocket upgrade
     wss.handleUpgrade(req, socket, head, (ws) => {
-      handleExec(ws, containerId, log);
+      handleExec(ws, containerId, log, auth);
     });
   });
 
   return wss;
 };
 
-async function handleExec(ws, containerId, log) {
+async function handleExec(ws, containerId, log, auth) {
   let execStream = null;
   let execInstance = null;
 
@@ -42,6 +78,12 @@ async function handleExec(ws, containerId, log) {
       return;
     }
 
+    log.info('exec', 'Authenticated exec session started', {
+      containerId,
+      authType: auth.type,
+      authId: auth.type === 'jwt' ? auth.userId : auth.keyId
+    });
+
     // Detect available shell
     let shell = '/bin/sh';
     try {

dashcaddy-api/routes/services.js

@@ -196,8 +196,14 @@ module.exports = function({
   // ===== SERVICE CREDENTIAL ENDPOINTS =====
 
   // Store credentials for a service
-  router.post('/services/:serviceId/credentials', asyncHandler(async (req, res) => {
+  router.post('/:serviceId/credentials', asyncHandler(async (req, res) => {
     const { serviceId } = req.params;
+
+    // Validate serviceId to prevent path traversal in credential keys
+    if (!serviceId || !/^[a-zA-Z0-9][a-zA-Z0-9_.-]{0,100}$/.test(serviceId)) {
+      return ctx.errorResponse(res, 400, 'Invalid service ID');
+    }
+
     const { apiKey, username, password } = req.body;
 
     if (apiKey) {
@@ -214,8 +220,14 @@ module.exports = function({
   }, 'store-service-creds'));
 
   // Delete credentials for a service
-  router.delete('/services/:serviceId/credentials', asyncHandler(async (req, res) => {
+  router.delete('/:serviceId/credentials', asyncHandler(async (req, res) => {
     const { serviceId } = req.params;
+
+    // Validate serviceId to prevent path traversal in credential keys
+    if (!serviceId || !/^[a-zA-Z0-9][a-zA-Z0-9_.-]{0,100}$/.test(serviceId)) {
+      return ctx.errorResponse(res, 400, 'Invalid service ID');
+    }
+
     await credentialManager.delete(`service.${serviceId}.apikey`);
     await credentialManager.delete(`service.${serviceId}.username`);
     await credentialManager.delete(`service.${serviceId}.password`);
@@ -223,9 +235,13 @@ module.exports = function({
   }, 'delete-service-creds'));
 
   // Check credential status for a service (what's stored)
-  router.get('/services/:serviceId/credentials', asyncHandler(async (req, res) => {
+  router.get('/:serviceId/credentials', asyncHandler(async (req, res) => {
-    try {
     const { serviceId } = req.params;
+
+    // Validate serviceId to prevent path traversal in credential keys
+    if (!serviceId || !/^[a-zA-Z0-9][a-zA-Z0-9_.-]{0,100}$/.test(serviceId)) {
+      return ctx.errorResponse(res, 400, 'Invalid service ID');
+    }
       const arrKey = await credentialManager.retrieve(`arr.${serviceId}.apikey`).catch(() => null);
       const svcKey = await credentialManager.retrieve(`service.${serviceId}.apikey`).catch(() => null);
       const username = await credentialManager.retrieve(`service.${serviceId}.username`).catch(() => null);
@@ -234,9 +250,6 @@ module.exports = function({
         hasBasicAuth: !!username,
         username: username || null
       });
-    } catch (error) {
-      success(res, { hasApiKey: false, hasBasicAuth: false });
-    }
   }, 'service-creds'));
 
   // ===== SEEDHOST CREDENTIAL ENDPOINTS =====

dashcaddy-api/server.js

@@ -52,10 +52,11 @@ process.on('uncaughtException', (error) => {
         environment: process.env.NODE_ENV || 'production'
       });
 
-      // Attach WebSocket exec handler
+      // Attach WebSocket exec handler (with auth)
       const attachExecWS = require('./routes/exec');
-      attachExecWS(server, log);
+      const authManager = require('./auth-manager');
-      log.info('server', 'WebSocket exec handler attached');
+      attachExecWS(server, log, authManager);
+      log.info('server', 'WebSocket exec handler attached (auth enforced)');
 
       // Start feature modules
       const resourceMonitor = require('./resource-monitor');